"Far less examined is the expansion of the concept of the “child” itself: the extension of child-protection frameworks to fictional and artistic representations of children, and a growing willingness to criminalise imaginary depictions as if they were evidence of real crimes.
A central harm of this conflation is the diversion of child-safety resources away from real abuse cases and toward the policing of imagination. In the United Kingdom, prosecutions for real child-sexual-abuse images have fallen by nearly 60% since their peak in 2016–17. Over the same period, prosecutions involving fictional content have risen by about a third and now make up roughly 40 percent of all image offences, according to statistics cited in the Drawing the Line Watchlist 2025, released on 10 December 2025 by the Center for Online Safety and Liberty. The report documents examples from ten countries revealing the global consequences of this trend.
Just as children are not the beneficiaries of this conflation, its targets are not sex offenders, but more often artists, authors, LGBTQ+ communities, and even children themselves. The Watchlist describes a 17-year-old Costa Rican girl arrested over artwork she posted to her blog, with foreign entities backing both the law and its enforcement. In Australia – which does not even record the distinction between real and virtual sex crimes – the author of a fetish novel featuring adult characters faces charges identical to those applied to people who create and distribute recordings of the rape of a real child."
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Drawing the line: When child safety laws lose sight of real children
Newly released data reveal how a no-compromise approach to AI-generated and other fictional sexual content depicting children has diverted resource...





