List of the most well-known and documented expulsions of Jews, with date/place and alleged and/or main reasons (religious, political, and economic), in approximate order:
Ancient times
• Rome (c. 49 AD) – Emperor Claudius: expulsion linked to unrest within the Jewish community in Rome (mentioned in ancient sources; the dating and interpretation are debated in historiography).
Middle Ages (Western Europe)
• France (1182) – Philip II Augustus: expulsion associated in sources with religious hostility and also fiscal interests (confiscations/measures against loans).
• England (1290) – Edward I (Edict of Expulsion): combination of political pressure, tensions over usury/debts, and fiscal convenience (noted in National Archives materials and studies of the edict).
• France (1306) – Philip IV “the Fair”: expulsion with confiscation of property and management of the kingdom's debt/finances (also linked to the monetary-fiscal context of the reign).
• France (1322) – Charles IV: new expulsion (in the sequence of medieval expulsions and readmissions), related to royal policy and social/economic control.
• France (1394) – Charles VI: edict of expulsion presented in a climate of religious intolerance and economic/social accusations; considered the “final” medieval expulsion before modern readmission.
Central Europe (Habsburg and territories)
• Vienna / Duchy of Austria (1421) – Duke Albert V (Wiener Gesera): persecution with expulsion, forced conversions, and executions; justified by religious accusations (e.g., desecration) and also had economic/political components.
• Vienna / Lower Austria (1670) – Emperor Leopold I: expulsion driven by an ultra-Catholic climate and “providentialist” interpretations (catastrophes seen as punishment for “tolerating” Jews), as well as court pressure.
• Prague/Bohemia (1744–1745) – Maria Theresa: expulsion decree in the context of war and political control; documented in the text of the decree and its historical context.
Iberian Peninsula and related territories
• Spain (1492) – “Decree of the Alhambra” (Ferdinand and Isabella): stated objective explained by historiography: religious unity and, in particular, to cut off the supposed influence of practicing Jews on converts (fear of “crypto-Judaism”), in the context of the Inquisition/post-Granada.
• Portugal (1496–1497) – Manuel I: condition linked to his marriage to a Spanish princess: order of expulsion (1496) and evolution towards forced conversions (1497) in practice.
• Sicily (1492) – under the Crown of Aragon/Spain: expulsion or forced conversion as part of the same drive for Catholic orthodoxy.
• Kingdom of Naples (1541) – Charles V: order of total expulsion (in a process that included inquisitorial pressure and economic reorganization).
Contemporary era
• Moscow (1891) – Russian Empire: decree restricting residence and effectively expelling tens of thousands of Jews from the city (as part of anti-Jewish state policies).
• Egypt (after the Suez Crisis, 1956–1957): state measures (arrests, loss/withdrawal of citizenship, administrative pressure) directed largely against the Jewish community and resulting in expulsions and forced departure.
