📜 Bitcoin didn't come out of nowhere. It is the result of over 40 years of innovation. From the development of asymmetric cryptography in the 1970s to the launch of the Genesis Block in 2009 — via cypherpunk mailing lists, David Chaum's electronic cash systems, Adam Back's Hashcash, and peer-to-peer protocols such as BitTorrent and Tor — each step laid the groundwork for Bitcoin. 🔐 Bitcoin is not just technology; it is also a cultural and political response. It is the legacy of mathematicians, hackers, engineers, and activists who fought for privacy, individual freedom, and digital autonomy. Bitcoin is the convergence of seven conceptual pillars: cryptography, timestamping, digital identities, fault tolerance, digital cash, proof of work, smart contracts, and peer-to-peer networks. 📕 Behind every transaction is a century of history. 📌 Behind every block is a philosophy of resistance. 🚫 It is not an impromptu invention. It is a point of arrival and a new beginning. 👉 Bitcoin is culture. It is engineering. It is a silent revolution. 🧠 Understanding its genesis means recognizing that it is not just a "digital currency," but rather a distributed social asset created to forever change the relationship between individuals, the state, and information. ⚡️ Cypherpunks write code. Today, we raise awareness. #bitcoin #cypherpunk #code #awarness #genesis #technology #story #evolution

🔥 Bitcoin, Wagner, and the Central African Republic: What Is Really Behind It? In 2022, the Central African Republic became the second country (after El Salvador) to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender. A monetary revolution? Perhaps. An illusion? Probably. A geopolitical operation? Much more likely. The law, which was passed "unanimously" by the Central African Parliament, has a murky background. 🔻 A poor state with abundant gold, diamonds, and uranium. 🔻 A colonial currency, the CFA franc, is still in use and guaranteed by France. 🔻 And above all, there is a profound Russian influence exercised by the notorious Wagner Group, which guarantees "security" in exchange for control of resources. 🔍 According to many international sources, such as France24, Bloomberg, and The Economist, the adoption of Bitcoin may have been suggested or encouraged by Wagner itself in order to: - Facilitate opaque transactions related to mining. - circumvent traditional banking circuits and Western sanctions; - Build an alternative model of monetary sovereignty that functions as an anti-IMF and anti-Western force. The Central African government then launched its own cryptocurrency, the Sango Coin, promising to "tokenize the subsoil." The result? A failed project. The Constitutional Court ruled against it. The population has no internet. Real adoption of Bitcoin is virtually nonexistent. 💣 But the political message remains: Bitcoin was used as a narrative tool of rupture and resistance even when the economic infrastructure wasn't ready. 🧠 Perhaps we should ask ourselves who benefits from "crypto adoption" without freedom, transparency, and autonomy. Bitcoin can be a social good. However, not everyone uses it for constructive purposes. Some simply use it to hide. 🔗 Main sources: Bloomberg, France24, The Economist, and CoinDesk. #bitcoin #legal #tender #value #fiat #elsalvador #rca #cypherpunk

👋 Hello everyone! 📖 I am pleased to announce the publication of my dissertation on Bitcoin and energy. The open-source PDF is currently available only in Italian at the link below, but will soon be available in English as well. #bitcoin #energy #nuclear #sustainability #efficiency #enviroinmental #economy #thesis #study #research #public

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Jacopo Graziuso | Instagram | Linktree

Trainee economist, lecturer and populariser. My research include economics, finance, geopolitics, Bitcoin, and the future. Awareness = freedom + kn...

📊 SUSPICIOUSLY ORDERLY MOVEMENTS It all happened in a matter of hours. 🟡 PAX Gold: +1.06% 🟠 Bitcoin: -4.41% Look at the charts. Two opposite trends occurred within the same time frame. But what is truly astonishing is the surgical precision of BTC's downward movement. There was no chaos or uncontrolled volatility, just sharp, coordinated declines as if someone were following a well-defined plan. 🚨 It's crazy! If small retailers were responsible, the movements would appear much more disorderly and fragmented. Here, however, it seems to be a strategic, lucid maneuver: we could be witnessing the actions of large operators such as investment funds, asset managers, or institutional desks. 💼 In these cases, it's not the price itself that speaks, but the way it moves. Today, the message seems clear: someone has pressed hard on the accelerator. But who, and why now? #gold #bitcoin #market #asset #manager #price #retail #controll #finance #crazy

Salento Bitcoin has arrived in Fornelli to admire the fifth statue of revolutionary visionary Satoshi Nakamoto. Thank you, Mattia Pannoni. #satoshi #nakamoto #fornelli #bitcoin #art #statue

🎯 Bitcoin's Timetable 📉 The halving schedule until 2140 Bitcoin is the only asset whose supply is mathematically programmed. Every four years or so, the reward for miners is cut in half. This process is called "halving." The graph shows when the next halving will happen and by how much. 📌 Important: The years shown are estimates because blocks are mined at average intervals (every ~10 minutes). However, the reward, quantity issued, and blocks are certain and unchangeable because they are determined by the code itself. 📊 By 2140, the last BTC will be mined. After that, there will be no more new issuance. Bitcoin will be completely finished: 21 million, forever. And after that? What will happen? 💬 Open debate: - Miners will only work thanks to transaction fees. - Will those fees be enough to protect the network? - Will we see new incentive and fee management models? - Will Bitcoin become a global unit of account, or will it become the definitive "digital reserve"? Bitcoin is more than just technology. It is a social, economic, and cultural experiment. 🧠 Let us reflect together: What happens when currency can no longer be inflated? #endofbitcoin #bitcoin #mining #end #finish #block #reward #fee #2140 #halving #scarcity

🔒 Coinbase was attacked by hackers. The bug was not in the code, but in human error. The hackers who attacked Coinbase did not crack the code, breach the firewalls, or exploit technical vulnerabilities. They didn't write malware or force cryptographic algorithms. They did something much simpler—and much more effective. They bought the silence of some customer support employees. Through bribery, they obtained sensitive data from some 97,000 users, including names, identity documents, banking information, and transaction history. There were no software breaches. There was no theft of private keys. Only corruption. Just human frailty. Once they had the data, the cybercriminals demanded $20 million in Bitcoin in exchange for not publicly disclosing everything. Coinbase refused. The company chose to face the consequences instead, spending up to $400 million to contain the damage, strengthen systems, compensate customers, and regain control of the situation. This time, the real bug was not in the code. It was in the people. This episode reminds us that security involves not only technology but also trust, transparency, and human integrity. No matter how robust a cryptographic protocol is, if those managing it are vulnerable, the whole system can collapse. 🔗 Official sources: Coinbase Blog, May 2025:

Protecting Our Customers - Standing Up to Extortionists

Tl;dr: Cyber criminals bribed and recruited a group of rogue overseas support agents to steal Coinbase customer data to facilitate social engineeri...

Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/business/coinbase-says-cyber-criminals-stole-account-data-some-customers-2025-05-15/?utm_source= #coinbase #hack #crack #human #blog #corruption #attack #data

🧱 What is the "UTXO set"? The Invisible Heart of Bitcoin 🧮 You often hear about transactions, addresses, and wallets, but behind the scenes is a fundamental mechanism that makes it all possible: the UTXO set. 🔐🔄 🔎 UTXO stands for unspent transaction output. Every Bitcoin transaction spends one or more previous outputs and generates new ones. These "unspent" outputs are called UTXOs. 📦 Think of them as ready-to-use digital coins, each with a precise value and a cryptographic "unlock condition." 💼 Your BTC balance is not like a bank account! 👉 If you see 0.1 BTC in your wallet, it means you have one or more UTXOs whose values add up to that amount. There is no aggregate account; rather, there is a set of traceable and verifiable "mini-coins." 🧠 What is the UTXO set? It is the complete, up-to-date set of all existing UTXOs on the network. 📍 Each complete Bitcoin node maintains its own copy of the set locally and uses it to verify that: ✅ The inputs of new transactions are still spendable ❌ There is no double spending. 🔒 The unlock conditions are met. 🏗 How does a transaction work? It takes one or more existing UTXOs as input. - Creates new UTXOs as output - Any difference between the input and output is the miner's fee. 💰 If something is left over, a change output is created for the sender. 🔄 🛠 Why is this important? The UTXO model is transparent, secure, and auditable. - Prevents the creation of bitcoins out of thin air - Makes transactions verifiable independently of each node It ensures network immutability and reliability ⚙️ Technical Curiosity: The UTXO set grows over time and can weigh several GB of data. Nodes use optimizations for this reason, but the set is never "pruned" because it must remain intact to guarantee security and validation. Each transaction changes the set, creating a continuous update cycle. 📌 Bottom line: The UTXO set is the living ledger of the Bitcoin system. There is no bank or central server; only mathematical rules, cryptographic verification, and total transparency exist. 🔗 Every spent satoshi leaves a trace, and every unspent satoshi is ready to be put back into circulation. 📶 Stay tuned. #utxo #set #bitcoin #howdoesitwork #technology #curiosity #transaction #btc

🚨 What happens when you send a payment in Bitcoin? 🧾 Spoiler alert: It doesn't go straight into the blockchain. There's an invisible yet crucial place where everything takes shape. It's called the mempool. 🧠💾 📥 What is the Mempool? A memory pool is a kind of decentralized waiting room. Each complete Bitcoin node maintains its own version containing all valid transactions awaiting confirmation. There is not one global queue, but rather many local mempools that, thanks to the distributed network, tend to look very similar. 🔨 Who decides which transactions are confirmed? Miners choose which transactions to include in the next block. How? 📊 Based on the fee per byte. The higher the fee, the more likely your transaction will be confirmed quickly. It's a real fee market! 🤑 🔥 What happens if the network is congested? When there's a surge in transactions (e.g., a bull market or special events), the mempool fills up, and fees skyrocket. At that point, only those who pay the highest fees can make their way through the other transactions. 📈💸 🛠 Tools for the user: Modern wallets estimate the most suitable fees in real time. - Functions such as Replace-By-Fee (RBF) allow you to increase the fee even after sending. - If a transaction remains in the mempool for too long (e.g., if the fee is too low), some nodes will delete it, and it will have to be sent again. 🔍 At a glance: The Mempool is the beating heart of the Bitcoin transaction market. It regulates access to blocks in a decentralized manner and guarantees order, security, and efficiency. 📡 It is a meritocratic and transparent system where every satoshi counts. One satoshi is the smallest unit into which bitcoin can be divided (1 BTC = 100 million sats). 1 BTC = 100 million sats). 🌐 The sooner you pay, the sooner you confirm. ❓️ What is the UTXO set, how does it work, and how does it change with the mempool? 📶 Stay tuned. #mempool #bitcoin #btc #sats #user #payment #rbf

🔍 What are UTXOs in Bitcoin? The UTXO (unspent transaction output) model is at the heart of Bitcoin's accounting system. Unlike traditional bank accounts, Bitcoin does not record "balances," but rather follows a system of inputs and outputs that cancel each other out. 💡 Simple definition: A UTXO is an amount of Bitcoin received from a transaction that has not yet been spent. It is the digital equivalent of a coin in your pocket: until you spend it, it is an unspent output. 🧾 How does a Bitcoin transaction work? Every transaction has inputs (previous UTXOs used) and outputs (new UTXOs created). Bitcoins do not split at the balance level; rather, they are spent in full and reallocated as new UTXOs. 🧩 Main features: - 🔐 Each UTXO is associated with a public address and can only be spent with its private key. They are immutable, meaning they cannot be updated. They are consumed, and new outputs are created. - 🧾 They are single and indivisible; each input must be spent in full. - 🔄 Traceable: Each UTXO is publicly verifiable on the blockchain. 🛠 Where are they stored? In the UTXO set, which is a data structure maintained by each full node. This set contains all valid, expendable UTXOs at a given time. It is essential for: - Verifying that a transaction only spends valid UTXOs - Preventing double spending (spending the same bitcoins twice). 📉 Fees and fragmentation (UTXO management). Each UTXO takes up space. The more small UTXOs you have, the larger your transaction will be and the higher the fee you will have to pay. 🧮 UTXO optimization: - Consolidate UTXOs when fees are low. - Avoid receiving too many fragmented micropayments. - Manage your portfolio for long-term efficiency. ⚠️ Practical implications: ✅ Pros: - A transparent, traceable, and verifiable system - Enables advanced privacy (e.g., with careful input management). - Forms the basis for advanced features, such as Lightning and coinjoin. ❌ Cons: - Can become inefficient if poorly managed - Requires minimal technical understanding for advanced wallets - Transactions with many UTXOs can be expensive. 🔐 UTXOs and privacy: Each UTXO is tied to a specific address. Using UTXOs from different addresses in the same payment can link identities. 💡 Tip: Use wallets that support UTXO handling and input selection, such as Sparrow and Samourai. 📌 In short, a UTXO is a spendable bitcoin. You receive them from a transaction, spend them in full, and receive new ones. Bitcoin works as a system of "digital tokens," not as an account balance. ➡️ Understanding UTXOs is essential to using Bitcoin consciously and safely. ❓ What is the Mempool? What is the UTXO set? How do they work, and what changes do they bring? 📶 Stay tuned. #utxo #bitcoin #mempool #set #tips #fees #management #features